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In Reviewing the Studies About Young Adults Relationships the Text Concludes That Young Adults?

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Selected Predictors of the Sense of Intimacy in Relationships of Young Adults

one

Establish of Psychology, Kinesthesia of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, thirty-060 Krakow, Poland

two

Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University in Krakow, xxx-084 Krakow, Poland

3

Found of Psychology, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland

4

Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Advice, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, thirty-348 Krakow, Poland

*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 10 October 2019 / Revised: 11 November 2019 / Accepted: 12 November 2019 / Published: 13 November 2019

Abstract

The principal research objective of this study was seeking the predictive role of closeness to parents, attachment, identity manner, identity commitment, type of relationship, and having children in intimacy amongst young women and men. Many studies indicate differences in the level of engagement, communication, and satisfaction in relationships. The study group comprised 227 people, including 114 women (M = 29.99; SD = iv.36), and 113 men (M = xxx.00; SD = four.33). A total of 40% of the subjects were married, and the remaining 60% subjects were in informal relationships; 101 people had children and the other individuals were childless. The following instruments were used: The Miller Social Intimacy Scale, questionnaires to appraise closeness and attachment, and the Identity Mode Inventory. The significance of the differences and the stepwise regression assay were performed. The results of the written report demonstrated a higher level of intimacy in a relationship with a partner among women than men. The nature of a human relationship does non affair to the sense of intimacy. However, closeness to parents during childhood and boyhood, the model of interpersonal relations, and the identity manner are predictors of intimacy in a relationship. The study results can be used in creating preventive and educational programs focused on family life and satisfied relationships.

i. Introduction

Intimacy is a multidimensional and cryptic construct. Muniruzzaman [one] indicates that the meaning of intimacy, that denotes a close interpersonal relationship, varies between and inside relationships.

In the literature, in that location are different understandings of this term depending on the context in which information technology appears [2]. Intimacy is sometimes considered in the context of sexuality, and and so understood equally a sexual bail but it is also viewed more broadly, equally a tendency to discover oneself in relationships with others [3,4]. Most frequently, yet, it appears every bit a holding of the dyadic relationship [iii]. The interpersonal nature of intimacy and individual differences in ability and motivation to intimacy are emphasized by Plopa [5], who associates it with a disposition to care for each other, to open oneself to the other person, and to enjoy the closeness, equally well as with empathy. The key intimacy features include love, tenderness, trust, and opening upward to the other person [two,6]. Showing our inner world to the partner and entrusting him with secrets is possible when one trusts the partner and believes that they will non exist revealed, that he or she will non reveal intimate details of our lives [vii]. By exposing oneself to some other person, revealing the emotions, normally, a symmetrical reaction from the entrusted person is expected [8].

Intimacy tin can be of varying degrees of intensity, and its character depends both on the nature of a human relationship and the stage of acquaintance. Researchers of this phenomenon point the importance of iii of its elements: opening up, the ability to accept the partner'south perspective and experiencing positive emotions in a relationship [vi,9]. Intimacy is a holding of long-term relationships in which partners strive to maintain them. It is a feature of developing relationships between people who share experiences, communicate their own thoughts, feelings, and views with each other. Information technology manifests itself both verbally and not-verbally and involves many spheres of life [10,11].

An agreement of intimacy every bit ane of the iii factors of dearest, apart from passion and engagement is proposed by Robert Sternberg [12]. In his view, intimacy means a sense of support in a relationship and a sense of closeness between the partners [12]. The clusters of intimacy, according to the author, include caring for the well-being of a loved one, sharing the possessed goods, the option to count on a partner's help, experiencing happiness in contact with him or her, likewise as giving and receiving emotional support.

Intimacy as a effect of a positive solution to a crunch in the period of early adulthood is considered in the theory of psychosocial development by Erikson [13]. According to the author, a young private who established his or her own identity should possess the "power to develop true and mutual psychological intimacy with another person" ([xiii], pp. 90–91). A negative solution to the crisis leads to isolation resulting in difficulties in edifice close relationships, including romantic relationships, which has an impact on the further development of the individual. According to Erikson [13], the ability to develop intimacy fosters creativity, productivity, and ego integration.

Intimacy is an important characteristic of close relationships and largely determines the quality of these relationships, also as the satisfaction with intimacy for the partners [14,fifteen,16,17,18]. Information technology is important for both women and men, although there are some gender differences in this expanse [19,xx]. Women brandish more need to open up upwards to a partner and share their experiences than men. In the studies in which it was attempted to determine the human relationship quality predictors, it was found that the intimacy experienced in a relationship was more important for women than men and determined satisfaction with the human relationship to a greater extent [17].

Recognizing that intimacy, understood equally the ability of partners to enter into a shut relationship, build a sense of closeness, dependence, and support, is a significant feature of romantic relationships and can country the degree of satisfaction with a human relationship, an attempt to determine the factors workout its intensity was undertaken. It is worth noting that although intimacy is frequently considered as an essential component of beloved or an important characteristic of an intimate relationship, it is much less frequent that researchers try to identify factors that may be relevant to its building and experience. Therefore, in the presented author'due south studies, it was checked which of the specified variables played a function in experiencing intimacy in romantic relationships of young people.

Information technology is worth mentioning that the relation between attachment with parents during childhood and adolescence and experiencing intimacy in adulthood has so far been mainly brought into theoretical concepts. In that location is a lack of studies that measure the full range of weather condition for intimacy. Moreover, there are no Shine studies related to psychosocial predictors of intimacy in emerging machismo.

The article will present inquiry aimed at determining the predictors of intimacy in a relationship with a partner. The studied variables were divers based on both the concept of attachment and the concept of socialization. According to the authors, both approaches are complementary, not carve up. Based on the theory of Erikson [thirteen] pointing to the importance of a method of solving earlier crises for solving of the intimacy–isolation crisis, as well every bit on the results of empirical inquiry, the following variables were analyzed equally predictors of intimacy: closeness to parents experienced in childhood and adolescence, the way of building their own identity and attachment to close relatives when entering machismo. Apart from the variables defining previous experiences of the person, which may be important for building the pattern of social relations, likewise as defining the individual's readiness to create a close intimate human relationship, the factors related to a electric current life situation of the private were taken into business relationship, including the blazon of relationship (marriage vs. informal relationship) and having or not having children, and the gender of the respondents. Researchers annotation differences in the performance of marital and informal relationships [21]. The results of many studies betoken differences in the level of engagement [22], communication [23,24], satisfaction with the relationship [23,25,26] in informal and marital relationships. Having children too affects the quality of relationships between spouses and partners, too as their satisfaction with the human relationship [27].

2. Research Objectives and Questions

The research discussed in this article is office of a larger research project aimed at identifying the determinants of entering into lasting romantic relationships and being relevant to the quality of these relationships, equally well every bit to the partners' satisfaction. The objective of the presented research was to decide the dependency betwixt closeness to parents, identity style, attachment in adulthood, and the sense of intimacy with the partner. Based on the Erikson model [xiii], information technology was causeless that earlier developmental crises and experiences from childhood and adolescence, which are reflected in the sense of closeness to parents, in the way of building identity, and in the attachment that an individual manifests in adulthood, tin can influence the level of intimacy experienced in a romantic relationship. Based on the findings of Hazan and Shaver [28] and the results of empirical inquiry [18,29,30,31], information technology is causeless that the attachment manifested by an adult remains in connection with the style of attachment shaped during childhood, reflecting the models of interpersonal relations formed at that fourth dimension [32]. Hazan and Shaver [28] believe that the human relationship between partners of a romantic relationship significantly reflects the human relationship of the kid with his or her mother. Empirical studies bespeak similarity between the style of attachment presented during babyhood and adulthood [29] and provide the basis for concluding that the zipper of adults and infants has the same hidden structure and dynamics [31,33]. The pregnant of gender and the type of relationship (marriage vs. informal relationship) for the studied relationships was explored too. It was also intended to check whether the discussed dependencies between variables are of the aforementioned nature for women and men, and whether the same variables are predictors of the intimacy they experience.

It was assumed that closeness to parents during childhood and adolescence and a safe fashion of zipper (low anxiety and high, rubber independence) would favor a higher intimacy. These expectations were formulated on the footing of theories pointing to the importance of early experiences in shaping subjective resource of the private [29,34] defining the ability to found close relations and personal openness, as well equally on the basis of the theory of Erikson [thirteen] indicating the importance of early on social experiences and the manner of solving earlier crises for solving subsequent crises. Similarly, the theory of Erikson, which indicates the importance of a positive solution of the identity crisis for the ability to enter into shut intimate relationships and results of empirical research shows that a mature identity (informative and normative style and high engagement) will contribute to edifice intimacy inside a relationship with a partner [35,36].

Erikson also assumed that in women, in contrast to men, the final solution of the identity-development crunch may take identify equally a result of inbound into a shut relationship and solving another crisis, which is the intimacy-isolation crisis. The question arises whether gender will be a predictor of intimacy, and whether the discussed variables will have the same meaning for the sense of intimacy in women and men. An additional reason for consideration about the meaning of gender for the sense of intimacy in a human relationship is data indicating that women have a greater demand to open upwards to a partner, confide in, and share their experiences, than men. Inquiry, in which the factors assessing the quality of a human relationship were determined, suggests that intimacy experienced in a relationship with the partner is more than important for women than for men [17,37]. Considering differences noted in the motives of building and functioning of formal and informal relationships [21,38], the nature of a relationship was taken into business relationship as a predictor of intimacy. It is difficult to define unequivocal expectations every bit to the importance of the nature of a relationship for the sense of intimacy. On one hand, it can be assumed that the marital human relationship, providing a greater sense of stability and security, may be more than conducive to experiencing intimacy, on the other mitt, intimacy may be more than intense in breezy relationships, because low intimacy would lead to the breakdown of the human relationship. Information technology is known that in informal relationships, the breakdown can exist easier [39].

Based on the results of enquiry showing changes in the way the relationship functions and in the relations between partners equally a outcome of the advent of children [27,40] a model was tested in which the intimacy predictor has involved having or not having children.

The purpose of the author'southward report was to determine the predictors of intimacy experienced in a human relationship. Both factors referring to the previous experiences of an individual in relation to relatives, the way of constructing his or her ain identity, as well every bit the characteristics of the current relationship that are important for the sense of intimacy in a shut relationship, were taken into business relationship. In that location were analyzed relations with relatives during babyhood, adolescence, and entering adulthood, (closeness to parents experienced during childhood and adolescence, zipper to relatives) and the method of building one'due south own identity (styles of identity), as well equally factors related to the current life situation of an individual: the type of relationship (wedlock vs. informal human relationship) and having or not having children.

Within the research model, the closeness to the female parent/male parent was determined past the supportive behavior of the parent. The attachment to relatives was verified through the measure the level of anxiety and rubber independence. The authors referred to Berzonsky'southward concept to define the style of identity. Creating a model for the development of personal identity, Berzonsky [41] distinguishes three styles of identity (informative, normative, and lengthened–avoidant), which present different social-cognitive strategies of data processing and problem-solving. Identity styles hateful a manner of getting an individual to make decisions, especially those that are important to his or her identity and mode of life [42]. The informative style, considered to be the well-nigh adaptive, means criticism, self-reflection, and an active search and evaluation of information that is of import for the private. People of the informative manner accept a high demand to know, openness to new ideas, values, and activities [42]. The principal characteristic of the normative way is conformism and imitation. People of this style display inflexibility in thinking, dogmatic commitment, a stable concept of "I", and a reluctance to explore [43]. The lengthened–avoidant fashion ways filibuster, evasive action, postponing decision-making, and living life from moment to moment [42]. This style is associated with a low sense of date and an unstable concept of "I" [43]. Also, the meaning of gender was taken into consideration.

Research questions:

ane)

Is gender, type of relationship (non-formal marriage), or having or not having children important for the perceived level of intimacy in a human relationship with a partner?

2)

Which of the considered variables: closeness to the mother; closeness to the father; zipper (level of safe independence and fear of rejection); identity style (normative, informative, diffuse–avoidant); identity delivery, type of relationship; having children, are predictors of the level of intimacy in a relationship?

3)

Are there differences in workout the experienced level of intimacy in a close relationship between immature women and men?

3. Material and Methods

3.1. Procedure

The research was conducted individually, the participation was voluntary and people did not receive any gratifications for taking part. The respondents were informed that they could resign from participation in the written report at whatsoever fourth dimension. In social club to provide the respondents with as much anonymity as possible, they were only asked to verbally give their consent to the participation in the report. All people agreed. Students of the Institute of Psychology at the Jagiellonian University participated in the collection of inquiry material. The non-probability sampling was used. The respondents who were met individually at a place convenient for them were sequentially completing the questionnaires in club to assess the level of intimacy, closeness to parents, attachment, identity style, and metrics prepared for the study.

3.ii. Characteristics of the Report Group

When selecting the group of respondents, the following criteria were adamant: twenty+ years of historic period, being in an intimate relationship for a period of at least 12 months. Those who were in an intimate relationship at the fourth dimension of the study, but the human relationship lasted for less than a year, were excluded from the study.

The study group consisted of 227 people aged 23 to 36 participated in the study (K = 30; SD = iv.35), including 114 women (50.2%) (1000 = 29.99; SD = 4.36), and 113 men (49.8%) (Grand = xxx.00; SD = 4.33). All the individuals were in relationships for at least a yr, of which twoscore% were married and the remaining lx% were in informal relationships. People had secondary and higher education and came from the state, also every bit small and big cities. Some people had children and the other individuals were childless. The characteristics of the group are presented in Tabular array 1.

3.iii. Instruments

To measure the level of intimacy the Miller Social Intimacy Scale (MSIS) was used [44]. The scale measures both the affective and the cerebral aspects of intimacy. It consists of 17 questions to which a person responds based on a 10-indicate scale. In the case of 11 questions (eastward.g., "How satisfying is the relationship with her/with him?"), a respondent determines the intensity on a calibration from "non really" to "a bit" to "much". In the instance of 6 questions, a respondent determines the frequency (e.g., "How often do you feel closeness to him/her?") based on a scale from "very rarely" through "sometimes" to "about always". The reliability of a scale is measured by the Cronbach'southward α coefficient in research by the author of the method was satisfactory and varied from 0.86 to 0.91. The reliability of the scale measured by a exam–retest was r = 0.91 for a sample surveyed at a ii-month interval and r = 0.84 for a sample surveyed at a 1-calendar month interval [44]. In the presented written report, the Cronbach'due south α coefficient was 0.96.

Closeness to parents was adamant based on an adapted questionnaire prepared by Marek Regnerus [45], "Closeness to biological mother and male parent". A respondent is asked to reply based on a v-betoken scale (1 ways never, and 5 means always) to 6 questions regarding the relationship with female parent and begetter (eastward.g., "Could yous count on help in problem situations?"). When completing the questionnaire, the individual has to refer to the catamenia of childhood and adolescence. In his inquiry, Regnerus (2012) obtained high reliability of the questionnaire: on the calibration of closeness to mother α = 0.89, and on the calibration of closeness to father α = 0.92. In the survey analyzed by this newspaper, these were as follows: α = 0.87 and α = 0.98, accordingly.

Attachment to close relatives was assessed on the basis of a questionnaire prepared by Regnerus [45]. The questionnaire consists of 12 statements about relationships with shut relatives (eastward.k., "I find it difficult to let myself to rely on others.", "I know I will find people where I need them."), 6 of which is a scale of prophylactic independence and the other 6, a scale of feet. The task of a respondent is to determine the extent to which particular statements characterize him or her based on a five-point scale (from 1—"does not characterize me at all" to five—"characterizes me fully"). A high score on the scale of safe independence and low on the scale of anxiety can be treated as a mensurate of safe attachment. In the enquiry conducted by Regnerus [45], the reliability of the questionnaire was satisfactory and, for the scale of independence, α = 0.80, and for the calibration of feet α = 0.82. In the report survey, there were too obtained satisfactory indicators: the scale of independence—α = 0.96, the scale of feet—α = 0.72.

The identity was analyzed using the Identity Style Inventory (ISI-3) by Michael Berzonsky in the Polish accommodation of Alicja Senejko [46]. The questionnaire allows determining the level of engagement and three types of identity styles: informative, normative, and diffuse–avoidant. The questionnaire consists of twoscore statements describing beliefs, attitudes and behaviors, to which an individual responds on a v-indicate scale, determining to what extent item statements characterize him or her. The questionnaire allows determining the level of engagement and the intensity of item identity styles. The reliability of the questionnaire calculated using Cronbach's α coefficient on a sample of Shine adolescents was: for the informative style from 0.61 to 0.74, for the normative style from 0.58 to 0.74, for the lengthened–avoidant style from 0.68 to 0.81, and for date from 0.62 to 0.78 [46]. Similar indicators were obtained in the survey analyzed by this paper.

3.4. Ethical Approval

This written report was determined to conform to the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its 215 afterwards amendments of comparable ethical standards and was conducted in accordance with national regulations and guidelines. The written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The protocol was approved past the Committee for Ethics of Scientific Enquiry at the Constitute of Psychology, Jagiellonian Academy, Krakow.

iii.5. Statistical Methods

The study results were statistically analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics (Statistical Packet for the Social Sciences) software. In the outset stage of statistical analysis, the significance of differences between the average values of intimacy intensity level was measured. In the second stage, a forrard stepwise regression assay was performed. An attempt was made to gauge the strength and direction of the influence of possible psychological predictors of the sense of intimacy, which could be verified in the study model. Due to a large number of explanatory variables, a frontward stepwise regression was applied, in which a successive inclusion of relevant predictors to the model was made, until the appearance of the first predictors, whose level of significance exceeded the permissible values of p < 0.05. In this way, the models were purged of unnecessary and weak predictors, and only models that had satisfactory prediction remained.

Every bit an credence or rejection criterion for the proposed hypotheses, the level of significance was gear up at p = 0.05.

four. Results

In order to respond the question about differences in the sense of intimacy in a relationship with the partner between women and men, a Student'southward t-examination was carried out (Table 2), which indicated differences in this respect. Women declared a higher level of intimacy than men. On the other hand, there were no differences in the level of intimacy between people in marital relationships and informal relationships. An analysis of the level of intimacy in the group of people having children and not having children indicated a higher level of experienced intimacy in childless relationships.

In order to determine predictors of the sense of intimacy, a multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed, where the dependent variable was the level of experienced intimacy, and the post-obit were considered as the predictors: gender, closeness to mother and father, attachment, whose measures include fright of rejection and safe independence, and identity styles (informative, normative and diffuse–avoidant), and engagement (Tabular array 3). In that location were variables included that reflect the individual's previous feel, especially in relation to relationships with shut relatives or are a result of the way of solving previous tasks or developmental crises. The predictors in the final model explicate a total of 12.6% of the variance of the dependent variable.

Due to the fact that gender turned out to differentiate the level of intimacy and constitute its predictor, it was decided to carry divide analyses for women and men in order to determine if the aforementioned factors are of import for their sense of intimacy. As the predictors of intimacy, the post-obit were taken into business relationship: type of relationship, having or non having children, closeness to mother and male parent, fear of rejection, and safe independence as a measure of attachment, identity styles (informative, normative, and diffuse–avoidant), also as identity interest. The predictors in the final model explain a total of 17% of the variance of the dependent variable in the example of women and a little over 9% in the case of men.

5. Word

The aim of the enquiry was to determine the factors relevant to the level of experiencing intimacy in a romantic relationship during early on adulthood. Information technology was assumed that the intimacy taken in a relationship with the partner is an important element of the quality and permanence of a romantic relationship. Based on Erikson's theory [13], it was also assumed that the ability to be in a close human relationship and to experience intimacy is an expression of a positive solution to before crises, in detail to the identity crisis.

The obtained results indicate that the studied women experience a higher level of intimacy than studied men. Our research results are consistent with the results of Beam et al. [37]. Here, information technology is worth mentioning the observational studies conducted by Fishman [47], which indicated that women display greater involvement than their partners' interest in interacting with the partner, and more oft show behaviors at its initiation and maintenance. Moreover, in other studies, the authors noticed a human relationship between expectations for relatives, including a romantic partner, and readiness for deeper intimacy, showing intendance, and trust towards a partner likewise [48,49].

The conducted research indicated that the nature of a relationship does not matter to the experience of intimacy in the studied group. Therefore, regardless of whether the human relationship is formal or is non formalized, people may experience a like level of intimacy. There are grounds to suppose that having children may not be meaningless for the sense of intimacy in a human relationship. Conducted analyses may propose that having children may slightly reduce the sense of intimacy. However, it should exist noted that this variable did non prove to be a predictor of intimacy. Having children turned out to be irrelevant to the level of experienced intimacy when all the variables (sex, type of relationship, closeness to mother and father, zipper, identity styles, and engagement) were introduced to the model. The final model of the regression analysis indicated that both gender and closeness to mother are important for the experienced level of intimacy; the fear of rejection is treated as a mensurate of attachment, and the informative way. It turned out, then, that the individual'due south previous experience, including relations with parents and a developed model of interpersonal relations found in the attachment style, as well as the mode of building ane'due south identity, determine the individual'due south ability to feel intimacy in a relationship.

The obtained results indicating the importance of relations with parents for edifice a close relationship and intimacy with a partner are consistent with results of other inquiry proving interdependencies betwixt experiences in the family of origin and interpersonal competences revealing themselves in romantic and family relationships [50,51]. Besides, the result showing the importance of fear of rejection, being 1 of the dimensions of zipper, for the level of intimacy, is consistent with results of studies showing a relation between attachment and the quality of relationship with a partner (eastward.thou., [52,53,54,55,56]), every bit well as intimacy equally ane of the measures of dearest indicated by Stenberg [57]. Weisskirch [18] likewise indicated a similar relation. He found that identity achievement, a lack of avoidant attachment, and self-efficacy in romantic relationships are predictors of intimacy. Nevertheless, the study involved different groups of subjects—postgraduate students.

The obtained outcome is also consistent with the results of studies showing a relation betwixt the level of anxiety experienced by partners and the way they office in a human relationship [58], as well as the engagement in the relationship [59]. The relation between the identity style and the sense of intimacy is not surprising. The research of this paper shows that the greater intensity of the informative style favors the sense of intimacy in a relationship. The significance of identity for achieving intimacy was indicated, amidst others, in studies by Montgomery [35], besides as Beyers and Seiffge-Krenke [36]. Also, previous studies immune us to conclude that people who entered adulthood were characterized by college identity statuses (identity accomplishment or foreclosure) are more advanced in the development of intimacy in heterosexual relationships [60]. Moreover, results of research involving the meaning of a mature concept of identity for the strength of love in early adulthood [61] could be mentioned here. Assuming that the informative style is an equivalent of a mature concept of identity and intimacy is a component of dearest [62], the results obtained in the research of the paper may confirm the conclusions formulated earlier. The informative style, which means openness to new experiences and readiness to transform one's own "I", may favor openness to the other person, but also expressing and sharing one'south own experiences with the partner.

Due to the fact that one of the predictors of intimacy turned out to be gender and the analysis comparison the level of intimacy felt by women and men indicated differences in this area, which allows presuming that gender is an important variable in the context of intimacy, it was decided to conduct separate analyses for women and men. Their aim was to check whether the same variables were significant for intimacy experienced by women and men in a relationship. Analyses indicated that in women, the following are important: closeness to female parent, anxiety that is 1 of the dimensions of zipper, and the informational identity way. Every bit noted above, these results confirm the previously determined dependencies. For intimacy experienced by men in a relationship with a female person partner, it was only engagement that Berzonsky [63,64] recognizes equally an important characteristic of identity processes. Engagement defines the sense of objectives set by an individual and gives direction to his or her action. It refers to the clarity of standards, objectives, and beliefs that he or she has, and remains in relation to the informative and normative styles. Treating date as an of import characteristic of identity processes, information technology can be concluded that the event obtained in the enquiry of the paper confirms results of studies showing the relation betwixt intimacy and identity. The results of the presented inquiry may also suggest that identity engagement defining the clarity of standards and beliefs adopted by an private translates into a more conscious entering into a human relationship and engagement in its construction, which may contribute to a deeper sense of intimacy.

The study of the newspaper undoubtedly allowed a amend understanding of the weather condition of the sense of intimacy in a shut relationship. It confirmed, to a sure extent, the assumptions of Erikson's theory [13], but likewise attachment theories [28,32], also equally the results of previous research showing the importance of experiences in relationships with relatives during childhood and adolescence, including, in particular, parents, and the importance of a created model of interpersonal relationships, as well equally of a manner of resolving the identity crisis, for the ability to enter into a relationship and experience intimacy. It is worth noting that factors related to experiences from earlier stages of an individual'south life and directly related to the mode of resolving developmental crises and coping with developmental tasks turned out to exist more important than factors related to the current state of affairs of partners, which, in the research of the paper, was determined past the nature of the electric current relationship of the respondents (marriage or informal relationship) and the fact of having children.

Nosotros live in times when, on one paw, young people postpone the moment of entering into lasting intimate relationships or even surrender such relationships by choosing to live solitary, on the other mitt, relationships that were intended to be lasting more than and more frequently interruption up. In this context, it seems important to indicate factors determining the ability of immature adults to build relationships, as well equally factors determining the durability and quality of these relationships. There is no incertitude that one of the important characteristics of a long-term relationship is intimacy, which is important both for the quality of a human relationship and its duration. The research aimed at understanding the conditions for building a lasting and satisfying relationship is non only of a cognitive value, but can besides help in the cosmos of educational programs preparing for family unit life. The prevention, taking into account the specificity of emerging Smooth adults and aimed at supporting evolution of identity and effective relationships seems to exist valuable. In the light of the results of the research of the paper, there may be a miracle of the signalization of modernistic, Polish people in emerging adulthood as an issue of non only economic and socio-cultural changes in industrialized and globalized societies, but also a lack of closeness in previous relations with parents and experiencing fright in current interpersonal relations, as well as postponing building mature identity by young adults. These factors, in fact, lower the level of experienced intimacy and, consequently, may institute an obstacle to establishing and deepening relationships based on intimacy.

Limitations and Future Directions

Information technology should not be forgotten that the enquiry of the paper included only a few variables that could be predictors of intimacy, which, in total, explicate over a dozen percent of the variance of the dependent variable. This means that information technology is worth to bear out research that will let indicating further factors, e.yard., the characteristics of a partner and his or her engagement in the human relationship, which are important for intimacy. In the futurity, it would be beneficial to accept into account more detailed characteristics of a relationship, and in the instance of having children, also their number and age. It can be expected that a human relationship betwixt spouses or partners may wait slightly different depending on the age of the kid, as well every bit the duration of marriage and parenthood. The theoretical research model assumed the potential bear on of many predictors, including sociodemographic and psychological variables. As a consequence, the R-squared values were pocket-size but pregnant. Noting the limitations of the enquiry of the paper, the relatively small number of respondents should be taken into account. Initially, a larger group of subjects was assumed, but some completed questionnaires proved impossible to analyze. However, these were individual, paper–pencil studies in emerging adults. In this context, the size of the examined grouping is comparable to that reported in other studies (see [18]). Futurity enquiry including other variables may reveal other determinants of intimacy, not yet discovered in the literature. Valuable information may also be provided by longitudinal studies, which draw attention to the stability of the relationship between the examined variables over time. Moreover, studies including the comparisons between people of different ages could be valuable. According to authors of this article, the presented limitations practice not negate the usefulness of the obtained results.

6. Conclusions

The analyses of the information enabled us to refer to the research questions asked by the authors. Based on them, the following conclusions can be made:

  • Women feel a higher level of intimacy in a relationship with a partner than men.

  • The nature of a relationship does not matter to the sense of intimacy among Polish emerging adults. Regardless of whether it is a matrimony or a relationship that is non formalized, Polish people in emerging adulthood experience a similar level of intimacy.

  • Closeness to parents during childhood and adolescence, as well equally a developed model of interpersonal relations reflected in the attachment style, and the way of constructing ane'south own identity (identity way) are predictors of experiencing intimacy in a relationship among Polish emerging adults.

  • In that location are grounds to suppose that having children can be important for the sense of intimacy in a human relationship, slightly lowering its level. However, it should be noted that this variable did not evidence to be a predictor of intimacy.

Author Contributions

D.C., East.G., and Northward.C., designed the model and the computational framework, drafted the main part of manuscript, was involved in planning and supervised the work, performed the measurements and the calculations, drafted the statistical part of the manuscript, and drafted the primary part of manuscript. A.K. was involved in the interpretation and disquisitional discussion of the obtained results, and drafted the function of manuscript. Grand.S.-West. discussed the results and commented on the manuscript, drafted the part of manuscript, and involved in writing-review. B.I. supervised, discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all participants for their cooperation.

Conflicts of Involvement

The authors declare no disharmonize of involvement.

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Table 1. Characteristics of the group (N = 227).

Table ane. Characteristics of the group (N = 227).

Participants
Woman (114) 50.2% Homo (113) 49.8%
Married (91) twoscore% Informal relationship (136) 60%
With children (101) 44.5% Childless (126) 55.v%
Higher didactics (136) 60% Secondary educational activity (91) 40%

Table ii. Differences in the sense of intimacy.

Table two. Differences in the sense of intimacy.

Woman Man
M SD M SD t p
141.2 16.22 135.71 xv.88 2.56 0.01
Marital relationships Informal relationships
Thousand SD M SD t p
137.7 18.54 138.9 14.six 0.54 0.58
With children Childless
One thousand SD 1000 SD t p
135.lxx nineteen.26 140.45 13.53 2.15 0.003

Tabular array 3. Predictors explaining the level of intimacy in a relationship.

Table three. Predictors explaining the level of intimacy in a relationship.

Dependent Variable Contained Variables
Intimacy R2 = 0.15; F(iv,207) = 9.22; p < 0.001
Predictors:
Gender B = 0.20*
Anxiety B = -0.18*
Closeness to mother B = 0.15*
Informative identity fashion B = 0.17*
Women Men
R2 = 0.18; F(three,103) = 7.51; p < 0.001
Predictors:
Anxiety B = -0.21*
Closeness to mother B = 0.26*
Informative identity way B = 0.21*		 Rii = 0.10; F(1,103) = 10.sixty; p < 0.001
Predictors:
Engagement B = 0.31**

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